Nearly 1 million Russian soldiers have been killed or injured in the country’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, according to a new study, a grisly measure of the human cost of Russian President’s Vladimir Putin’s unprovoked three-year assault on its neighbor.

The list was compiled using open sources, though it is noted that not all deaths are publicly reported. In the early stages of the war, regular army units, particularly airborne and motorized rifle troops,

With high casualty figures and the slow pace of Russia’s territorial gains, President Vladimir V. Putin could face years more of a grinding war of attrition in Ukraine.